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The Phraseological translation involves using stable units of varying degrees of proximity between the unit of the foreign language and the translated unit in the text generic coreg 12.5 mg fast delivery. The most difficult translation from one language to another is part of phraseological units buy cheap coreg 25mg line, which are based on historical events; reflect some custom of Russian people or Arabs or use specific words. Lingvocultural researches provide the opportunity of implementation of the cognitive approach to comparative studying of phraseological units in order to identify their cultural specificity. It was found that in Russian phraseological units are dominated proverbs and sayings of the following type: statement, opposition, contraposition, metaphor and comparison, while in Arabic phraseological units‘ contraposition almost is not using. Actuality of the subject: one important terminological issue that today require solutions that use in scientific and educational literature in parallel to the two Latin names of the chemical element Arsenic, which leads to the operation of the different names of the same compounds, especially of the names of acids. Purpose: to analyze a certain volume of literature on the subject, to establish what the names of arsenic are we can find and how often, to infer what names are appropriate and properly applied in the academic literature. The chemical element Arsenic has been known and widely used already in ancient times. The Russian name is believed to have derived from "mouse" and "poison", because the use of drugs arsenic is associated with the extermination of mice and rats. Lavoisier had provided the arsenic metal and gave the element the name "Arsenicum". The research question, which we put before us is appropriate to begin with the editions of the alchemists, their works and articles. Our first source for treatment information has been scientifically-popular edition. From this article shows that the author uses the name Arsenic - arsenicum that is, the suffix -іс-. Searching for the right information we have not passed a security source - Materia Medica- scientific literature which takes ambiguous position to use the names of arsenic, indicating that the name is Arsenicum and Arsenum. Also ambiguous approach in the British Pharmacopoeia, where we found the name Anseni Trioxudum, putting the name of a chemical element with the compound in the nominative case, we get - Ansenum. Conclusion: we have been processed 16 educational, scientific publications and sources of Internet resources. After collecting the required amount of material, we noticed that both names are used arsenic - Arsenum, i n and Arsenicum, i n, as two names acids: acidum arsenicicum - acidum arsenicum and acidum arsenicosum - acidum arsenosum. In our opinion, avoiding dualism, is better to use the name element Arsenicum, and n and all derivative form it from its base. The appearance of new words or new meanings of old words means that, the world around us has changed. Either there something new has appeared, or something that has been existing has become so important, that the language, in fact, people who speak this language, create a name for them Aim. Consider and analyze some loan words which have appeared in Russian language in recent years. The research materials are the words of foreign origin, which have been partially or completely mastered by Russian language. It is not only the perception of words from other languages, but their creative development on all levels of language system, formal and semantic transformation according to the original features of Russian language and a high degree of its development. Foreign-language words were subjected to various kinds of changes (phonetic, morphological, semantic), submitting to the laws of development of the Russian language, its functional-stylistic norms. Correspondingly, it is accepted to allocate following stages of adoption of loan words: phonetic, graphical, grammatical and semantic. The process of mastering of words and expressions in Russian language causes us great interest, since at the current stage from long-term it has turned into one, which is happening right in our eyes. There is already a word with the same meaning, for example, a управляющий or colloquial управленец. However, the word менеджер (manager) is absolutely unique, and there is no substitute for it. Thus, contemporary texts, the names of professions, shops, cafes, restaurants, firms and etc. Will all these words included into Russian language or not, time will tell, and at this stage we can make only assumptions. There are many terms in Latin language, which name persons, who are engaged in education and tuition. The initial meanings of this word were the ruler, the boss, the manager and the supervisor. This word is related with the words magnus - large, magis – more, which have root mag. Later it began to used to designate the notion of the teacher, often in combination with the word ludus - school: magister ludi, magister ludi librarii, primus magister. Next term litterator comes from the word littera - the letter, because the main litterator`s task was to teach children the alphabet, to read and to write..

Excess bronchial and salivary secreton can be avoided by premedicaton with atropine buy 6.25 mg coreg mastercard. Localized capillary bleeding can be troublesome and postoperatve nausea and vomitng are frequent; recovery tme is slow partcularly afer prolonged administraton order 6.25 mg coreg. It does not augment salivary or bronchial secretons and the incidence of postoperatve nausea and vomitng is low. Severe hepatts; which may be fatal; sometmes occurs; it is more likely in patents who are repeatedly anaesthetzed with halothane within a short period of tme. It is too weak to be used alone; but it allows the dosage of other anaesthetc agents to be reduced. Oxygen should be added routnely during anaesthesia with inhalatonal agents; even when air is used as the carrier gas; to protect against hypoxia. Oxygen is also used in the management of anaphylaxis; myocardial infarcton and severe acute asthma. Halothane* Pregnancy Category-C Schedule H Indicatons Inducton and maintenance of anaesthesia. Dose Inducton of anaesthesia using specially calibrated vaporiser; in oxygen or oxygen– nitrous oxide. Maintenance of anaesthesia using specially calibrated vaporiser; oxygen; oxygen–nitrous oxide 0. Contraindicatons History of unexplained jaundice or pyrexia following previous exposure to halothane; family history of malignant hyperthermia; raised cerebrospinal fuid pressure; porphyria; not recommended for obstetrical anaesthesia, interactons (Appendix 6c). Precautons Anaesthetc history should be carefully taken to determine previous exposure and previous reactons to halothane (at least 3 months should be allowed to elapse between each re-exposure); avoid for dental procedures in patents under 18 years unless treated in hospital (high risk of arrhythmias); pregnancy (Appendix 7c); lactaton (Appendix 7b); renal failure; hyperkalaemia. Adverse Efects Arrhythmias; bradycardia; respiratory depression; hepatc damage; malignant hyperthermia; cyanosis; post operatve nausea and vomitng. Short procedure over at least 60 min: initally 4 mg/kg (2 mg/kg usually produces 5 to 10 min. Longer Procedure: inducton by intravenous injecton using soluton containing 1 mg/ml. Contraindicatons Thyrotoxicosis; hypertension (including pre-eclampsia); history of cerebrovascular accident; cerebral trauma; intracerebral mass or haemorrhage or other cause of raised intracranial pressure; open eye injury and increased intraocular pressure; psychiatric disorders; partcularly hallucinatons; hypersensitvity to the drug. Warn patent not to perform skilled tasks; for example operatng machinery or driving; for 24 h and also to avoid alcohol for 24 h. Nitrous Oxide* Pregnancy Category-C Indicatons Maintenance of anaesthesia in combinaton with other anaesthetc agents (halothane; ether; or ketamine) and muscle relaxants; analgesia for obstetric practce; for emergency management of injuries; during postoperatve physiotherapy and for refractory pain in terminal illness. Contraindicatons Demonstrable collecton of air in pleural; pericardial or peritoneal space; intestnal obstructon; occlusion of middle ear; arterial air embolism; decompression sickness; chronic obstructve airway disease; emphysema. Precautons Minimize exposure of staf; interactons (Appendix 6c); pregnancy (Appendix 7c). Adverse Efects Nausea and vomitng; afer prolonged administraton megaloblastc anaemia; depressed white cell formaton; peripheral neuropathy. Storage Store under pressure in metal cylinders of the type conforming to the appropriate safety regulatons and at temperature not exceeding 37⁰C. Oxygen* Indicatons To maintain an adequate oxygen tensio in inhalatonal anaesthesia. Adverse Efects Concentratons greater than 80% have a toxic efect on the lungs leading to pulmonary congeston; exudaton and atelectasis. Storage Store under pressure in metal cylinder of the type conforming to appropriate safety regulatons. Propofol* Pregnancy Category-B Schedule H Indicatons Inducton and maintenance of general anaesthesia, sedaton. Maintenance: Infusion- 6-12 mg/ kg/h, intermitent bolus injecton - 20-50 mg as needed. Sedaton: Adult: In diagnostc and surgical procedures: Initally, 6-9 mg/kg/h by infusion given for 3-5 minutes or an alternatve dose of 0. Contraindicatons Sedaton in children and adolescents ≤16years, Known hypersensitvity to propofol. Precautons Cardiac impairment; respiratory impairment; elderly; hypovolaemia; epilepsy; hypotension; patents with high intracranial pressure; moni- tor blood-lipid concentraton if risk of fat over- load or if sedaton longer than 3 days; hepatc impairment; renal impairment, pregnancy (Appendix 7c), interactons (Appendix 6c). Thiopental Pregnancy Category-C Schedule H Indicatons Inducton of anaesthesia prior to administraton of inhalatonal anaesthetc; anaesthesia of short duraton. Contraindicatons Inability to maintain airway; hypersensitvity to barbiturates; cardiovascular disease; dyspnoea or obstructve respiratory disease; porphyria; hypotension or shock; Addison’s disease; hepatc or renal dysfuncton; increased blood urea; severe anaemia; asthma; myasthenia gravis. Precautons Local extravasaton can result in extensive tssue necrosis and sloughing; intra-arterial injecton causes intense pain and may result in arteriospasm; hepatc impairment (Appendix 7a); interactons (Appendix 6a); pregnancy (Appendix 7c); patents with advanced cardiac disease; increased intracranial pressure; asthma; myasthenia gravis; endocrine insufciency. Warn patent not to perform skilled tasks; for example operatng machinery; driving for 24 h and also to avoid alcohol for 24 h. Adverse Efects Respiratory depression; myocardial depres- sion; cardiac arrhythmias; somnolence; bronchospasm; urtcaria; vasodilaton; apnoea; emergence delirium; headache; nausea; oedema.

To this end discount coreg 6.25mg free shipping, every nation has four main responsibilities: regulating the responsible manufacture of safe and effective medicines; pre- venting falsifed and substandard drugs from entering the market; detecting them when they do; and punishing those who knowingly manufacture and trade them discount coreg 12.5mg visa. Executing these responsibilities requires strong national systems for drug regulation, surveillance, and law enforcement. Governments must work with key stakeholders in industry, professional associations, and civil society to protect the drug supply. However, no country acting alone can protect its citizens from falsifed and substandard medicines. The problem, as seen throughout this report, is international, fueled by international trade and telecommunications. Crime and easy money are powerful forces driving the illegitimate medicines busi- ness. Its perpetrators gravitate to countries where surveillance, regulation, and law enforcement are the weakest. They take advantage of international manufacturing and trade to produce and sell their products in the global market. The interconnectedness of modern manufacturing systems makes the “quality and safety of goods. A coherent system of global governance founded on diplomacy and international co- operation can improve product safety and protect health around the world (Gostin and Taylor, 2008). This will require cooperation among countries, among agencies within governments, and among consumers, manufactur- ers, professional associations, and civil society groups. An emphasis on the public health risks of illegitimate drugs is central to framing this problem; protecting drug companies’ proprietary interests is not. In the past, disagreements about the overlap between public health protection and intellectual property guarantees have crippled international discussion on drug safety. Any global governance process will need to focus on public health, a goal all parties can support and come to consensus around. Global governance includes hard law, such as treaties, and soft law, such as resolutions, declarations, memorandums of understanding, and codes of practice (Gostin, 2013). If countries or regions wish to negoti- ate a treaty on falsifed and substandard drugs, then they should do so, but international soft law may be a more practical short-term solution to the problem. A soft-law solution could encourage international momentum for drug regulation, surveillance, and law enforcement. It would also build trust among stakeholders and pave the way for a future hard-law solution if necessary. Two treaty processes already under way relate to the problem of substandard and falsifed medicines. The Council of Europe’s Medicrime Convention (offcially, “the Convention on the counterfeiting1 of medical products2 and similar crimes involving threats to public health”) is a multi- lateral treaty intended to prevent the public health threats of illegitimate medicines (Council of Europe, 2011). The convention aims to make crimes of drug adulteration and of the intentional manufacture, supply, or trade in illegitimate medicines or ingredients, and their accessories (Council of Europe, 2011). Other criminal offenses under Medicrime include tamper- ing with the drug pedigree or making false drug documents; putting an unauthorized drug on the market; and intentionally aiding or abetting a criminal in one of the named offenses (Council of Europe, 2011). Med- icrime also gives terms for protecting victims, including victim’s rights to compensation from perpetrators, and for international cooperation in investigation, extradition, and mutual legal assistance (Council of Europe, 2011). By December 2012, 22 countries had signed the convention, but only Ukraine had ratifed it (Council of Europe, 2012). Medicrime will not come into force until fve countries ratify it, including three Council of Europe members (Council of Europe, 2011). Critics of the convention see in Medicrime an attempt to treat routine 1 The Medicrime Convention defnes a counterfeit as a false representation of identity or source (Council of Europe, 2011). And, though Susanne Keitel, the director of the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, explained to the committee in March that the Medicrime Con- vention does not cover infringement of intellectual property rights, some see hostility to generics companies in the treaty (Attaran and Bate, 2010). As Chapter 1 explains, this report is not concerned with intellectual property rights. The committee believes that the real or perceived mixing of public health and intellectual property concerns only holds back action on the problem of falsifed and substandard drugs. In her opening remarks, Director-General Margaret Chan reiterated the organization’s commitment to working against harmful products in the drug supply and promoting the availability of good-quality medicines around the world (Chan, 2012). Because the problem has legal dimensions, it will also be crucial to include experts in law enforcement, criminal justice, and customs. Contributing to the law enforcement and criminal justice sections of an international code on falsifed and substandard medi- cines would draw on the agency’s strengths and complement the goals set out in its 3-year strategy. National customs offces are under pressure to facilitate international trade and to monitor the safety of products enter- ing the country; they have a unique understanding of the circumstances through which illegitimate medicines enter commerce. Monitoring the trade in illegitimate medicines and enforcing laws against them depend on customs bureaus, however. Failing to include them in the development of the code would risk its being unacceptable or impractical for customs offcers, one of the main groups that would need to adhere to it. Unicef continues to work with legislators and lawyers to implement maternity protection laws in more countries (Unicef, 2012).

Such mood may be associated with increased energy/activity purchase 12.5 mg coreg mastercard, talkativeness and a reduction in the need for sleep purchase 25 mg coreg with visa, and features may be accompanied by grandiose and/or religiose delusions. Bipolar disorder causes substantial psychosocial morbidity, frequently affecting patients’ relationships within their family as well as affecting their occupation and other aspects of their lives. Psychotherapy, usually after the manic episode has been controlled with medication. Family therapy and psycho-education of patient and family to increase treatment compliance and knowledge of the condition. Consider oral haloperidol with adjunctive benzodiazepines in patients who are difficult to manage, i. Depressive episodes in bipolar patients First line • Lithium, oral, 5 mg/kg/dose 12 hourly. Note: Many acute medical emergencies can present as delirium or apparent acute psychosis. To avoid inappropriate repeat dosing allow at least 15–30 minutes for the drug to take effect. Irritability may also occur as the presenting mood state, both in association with sadness or as the primary feature (especially amongst adolescents). Symptoms are usually present for at least two weeks and impact on the person’s ability to function normally. Electroconvulsive therapy is indicated under specific circumstances in consultation with a specialist. When discontinuing the medication, taper off slowly to avoid discontinuation symptoms. Patients with 3 or more episodes may require maintenance pharmacotherapy to be reviewed every 2 years. If initially on fluoxetine, wait for seven days after stopping fluoxetine before starting citalopram. Symptomatically it is similar to major depression but does not fulfill the diagnostic criteria. Always consider the possibility of an undiagnosed major depressive disorder as well as substance related conditions. The patient may report disturbances in sleep or concentration as well as mood as a consequence of such concerns. Where there is concomitant drug/alcohol dependence or a comorbid major depressive episode, an antidepressant, e. Acute management For an acute episode or intense prolonged anxiety: Benzodiazepines, e. Secondary infection: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, oral, 875/125 mg 12 hourly for 5 days. For mild pain: Paracetamol, oral, 1 g 4–6 hourly when required to a maximum of 4 doses per 24 hours. Beware of respiratory suppression and hypotension when administering morphine intravenously. It is ineffective against the venom of: » night and berg adder and other minor adders, » boomslang, and » vine and twig snakes, Never administer antivenom without being fully prepared to manage acute anaphylaxis. Observe for “vin rosé” discoloration of urine, which indicates high blood iron levels. Levels may continue to rise up to 24 hours after ingestion of modified release preparations. Life-threatening airway obstruction can occur with angioedema of the upper airways. In case of angioedema with airway obstruction, early airway management is essential. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, Overseas Offces without the prior permission in writing of the publishers and the author. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, J. This book is designed to provide Phone: +44-2031708910 Phone: +1 507-301-0496 accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers Fax: +02-03-0086180 Fax: +1 507-301-0499 are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and Email: info@jpmedpub. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate The Bourse 17/1-B Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali safety precautions. Phone: +1 267-519-9789 Mobile: +08801912003485 This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing Email: joe.