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The prevention of transmission of infectious diseases in schools is most likely to be successful if the following are implemented: 1 order lasix 40mg with amex. Schools are ideal places for the spread of infectious diseases because of the large numbers of young people of different ages in close contact with each other some of whom may not have developed good personal habits or immunity to various diseases. Understanding the way different infectious diseases spread allows the correct preventive measures to be applied. Micro-organisms, also known as germs, are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Germs can be found in many different places, some live in the environment, some in animals and others in humans. These germs fulfl many important functions and their presence in the human body is necessary for health. Infection develops when germs which do not usually inhabit the human body gain access, multiply and invade human tissue resulting in signs and symptoms of infection (e. Several types of germs cause infection including; bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites. Fungal infections include ringworm and athlete’s foot and parasites include head lice and scabies. Ear infections are caused by germs that are not usually passed from person to person. Chicken pox on the other hand rapidly spreads from person to person and is an example of a highly contagious infectious disease. Once a person comes in contact with an infectious agent or germ, a number of factors infuence whether or not that person becomes ill. These include; the germ itself, the number of germs required to cause infection (i. Other factors depend on us; how strong is our immune system, have we met that germ before, are we resistant to it? Some infections result in lifelong immunity which is why most of us will only develop chicken pox or measles once in our lives, while other infections like the common cold can be caught again and again. Through direct contact, (skin contact, contact with saliva and other body fuids, sexual contact), e. The interval between contact with infection and the time symptoms develop is called the incubation period. For example children with measles are infectious for about 3 days before the appearance of a rash. Spread through the gastrointestinal tract or gut Some diseases are caused by germs which live and multiply in the intestines or gut and are passed out of the body in the faeces. For disease to spread, faeces containing these germs must be carried to the mouth and swallowed. Disease can spread when even very small amounts of faeces, amounts so small that they cannot be seen by the naked eye, contaminate hands or objects and are unknowingly brought to the mouth and swallowed. This is also known as the faecal-oral (faeces to mouth) route of transmission and usually occurs when hands are contaminated after using the toilet. Hands can also contaminate objects such as pencils and door-handles which are then handled, allowing the germs to pass to the next pair of hands and ultimately to the mouth of the next person, and so the infectious chain continues. Gastrointestinal spread is responsible for the spread of most infectious diarrhoea as well as some more generalised infections such as hepatitis A. Spread through the respiratory tract Some infectious diseases are spread by germs that can live and multiply in the eyes, airways (including the nose and mouth), and the lungs. These germs are easily passed from our nose or mouth to our hands and from there to other objects. Some infections are spread by droplets that are expelled by an infected person when they sneeze, cough or talk. Droplet spread usually requires the infected person and the susceptible contact to be relatively close to one another, within about 3 feet. Examples include; common cold, infuenza, meningococcal disease, mumps, rubella and pertussis (whooping cough). Other infections are spread by small aerosol droplets that remain in the air where they are carried on air currents (airborne spread) for some time after they are expelled e. Direct contact A number of infections and infestations (an infestation is when a person is infected with a parasite e. Some infections require only superfcial contact with an infected site for infection to spread e. With others, infection is only passed if there is either direct contact with the infected site or with contaminated objects. All of these infections, as well as many others can also be transmitted by sexual contact. This usually requires a breach in the skin or mucous membranes (the mucous membranes are the delicate linings of the body orifces; the nose, mouth, rectum and vagina). Intact skin provides an effective barrier to these germs and infection following contact with intact skin is extremely unlikely.

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Common causes are st- will cause weakness and wasting of the small muscles rokes(vascularocclusionorhaemorrhage)andtumours order 40 mg lasix with amex. Ask the patient to say r Decreased power in the distribution of the affected ‘British Constitution’ or ‘West Register Street’. Usually due to a cervical spinal cord lesion, occasionally bilateral cerebral lesions. Hemiplegia Weakness of one half of the body (sometimes including the face) caused be a contralateral cerebral hemisphere lesion, a brainstem lesion or ipsilateral spinal cord lesion (unusual). Paraplegia Affecting both lower limbs, and usually caused by a thoracic or lumbar spinal cord lesion e. Bilateral hemisphere (anterior cerebral artery) lesions can cause this but are rare. Monoplegia Contralateral hemisphere lesion in the motor cortex causing weakness of one limb, usually the arm. Test the abil- r Bradykinesia (slowness in movements) is noticeable ity of the patient to sit on the edge of the bed with their when doing alternate hand tapping movements, or arms crossed. Micro- r Gait:Wide-basedgait,withatendencytodrifttowards graphia (small, spidery handwriting). Even a mild cerebellar problem makes tiation of movement is impaired (hesitancy) with the this very difficult. A festinating gait is Causes include the following: r when the patient looks as though they are shuffling in Multiple sclerosis r order to keep up with their centre of gravity, and then Trauma r has difficulty in stopping and turning round. The three groups of tremor are distinguished by obser- r Metabolic: Alcohol (acute, reversible or chronic de- vation (see Table 7. If unilateral, the leg is swung out to the side to move it forwards (circumduction). If bilateral, the Extrapyramidal signs (Parkinsonism) pelvis has to alternately tilt and the gait often becomes r Appearance: Expressionless face. Thepatientcanstandontip-toe,butoften Resting tremor which is slow and classically pill- not on their heels. Even if mildly affected the patient is unable to strating whether seizure activity is suppressed by walk heel-toe in a straight line. In or encephalitis, as well as occurring in focal status Parkinson’s disease, this pattern tends to be asym- epilepticus. They are useful in the di- agnosis of muscle disease, diseases of the neuromuscular Electroencephalography junction, peripheral neuropathies and anterior horn cell disease. It is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp, using a jelly to reduce electrical Electromyography resistance. A recording of at least half an hour is usually Aneedleelectrodeisplacedintomusclesandinsertional, needed, to maximise the chances of picking up tran- resting and voluntary electrical activity is studied, using sient abnormalities. Its main use is for the classification of epilepsy, but is r Peripheral neuropathies and anterior horn cell disease it may also be useful in the diagnosis of other brain dis- lead to a reduced number of motor units, which fire orders such as encephalitis. Surface electrodes or occasionally needles are used both r Suspected spinal cord compression. The knees are drawn up as far as possible and uation of brachial and lumbosacral plexus and nerve the neck flexed, to open up the spinous processes of the roots. The lumbar puncture needle is inserted in the midline Lumbar puncture with its stylet in place aiming slightly towards the um- bilicus. If the needle encounters firm resistance, it Indications should be withdrawn and another approach tried. When any of the following are suspected: Sometimes the patient will feel a pain radiating into r Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, fungal infections the leg or back – this is due to the needle touching a or neurosyphilis). A simultaneous blood diagnosis of idiopathic (benign) intracranial hyperten- sample for glucose should be sent. Chapter 7: Cerebrovascular disease 295 Bleeding, infection, arachnoiditis, exacerbation of spinal various processing which may be performed on the data. Thereisadiffer- in the case of sick patients, is relatively unaccessible – ence in healthy tissue and infarcted, infected or oedema- although some units have facilities for ventilation in the tous tissue. Cerebrovascular disease Faster scans are now possible – particularly helpful for patients unwilling or unable to lie flat for long, although in some cases general anaesthetic may be necessary for Stroke unco-operative patients. Magnetic resonance imaging uses the magnetic proper- ties of protons to generate images of tissues. It has the advantage of not exposing the patient to ion- Incidence ising radiation (particularly important in young infants, Third commonest cause of death in Western World (1–2 childrenandpregnantmothers). Geography Posterior circulation (the vertebral, basilar arteries and Black community, Japanese more common.

Drug distribution and its metabolism can be determined by tracking Conclusion movement generic lasix 40 mg. Tese dyes excited by light of a certain wavelength Nano materials have increased surface area and nano scale efects, to glow. As have unique physicochemical and biological properties as compared a result, sizes are selected so that the frequency of light used to make to their larger counterparts. Te properties of nano materials can a group of quantum dots fuoresce, and used to make another group greatly infuence their interactions with bio molecules and cells, due incandesce. For example, nano particles Tissue engineering can be used to produce exceptional images of tumor sites; single- In tissue engineering, nanotechnology can be applied to reproduce walled carbon nanotubes, have been used as high-efciency delivery or repair damaged tissues. Tere is a very bright future scafolds and growth factors, artifcially stimulated cell proliferation, in to nano technology, by its merging with other technologies and the organ transplants or artifcial implants therapy nano technology can be subsequent emergence of complex and innovative hybrid technologies. Biology-based technologies are intertwined with nanotechnology- nanotechnology is already used to manipulate genetic material, and Antibiotic resistance nano materials are already being built using biological components. Antibiotic resistance can be decreased by use of nano particles Te ability of nanotechnology to engineer matter at the smallest scale is in combination therapy. Zinc Oxide nano particles can decrease revolutionizing areas such as information technology cognitive science the antibiotic resistance and enhance the antibacterial activity of and biotechnology and is leading to new and interlinking these and Ciprofoxacin against microorganism, by interfering with various other felds. By further research in nanotechnology, it can be useful for proteins that are interacting in the antibiotic resistance or pharmacologic every aspect of human life. Immune response References Te nano device bucky balls have been used to alter the allergy/ 1. Tey prevent mast cells from releasing histamine oxide (f: SnO/sub 2/) thin flms for solar cell applications. Faculty of Engineering into the blood and tissues, as these bind to free radicals better than any & Technology. Wang Z, Ruan J, Cui D (2009) Advances and prospect of nanotechnology in stem cells. Hollmer M (2012) Carbon nanoparticles charge up old cancer treatment to bioactives. Wyss Institute (2012) Harvard’s Wyss Institute Develops Novel Nano therapeutic treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 13: 134- that Delivers Clot-Busting Drugs Directly to Obstructed Blood Vessels. This material may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational, personal or public non-commercial purposes only. As described Guide were identifed by a panel of experts—physicians who by Puddester in the Introduction, physician health used to be work with other physicians who have health concerns. Today, the page spread that introduces readers to the topic, provides a feld has expanded in scope and depth. As which there is a world shortage of health professionals, and no a result, readers can quickly access information on any topic prospect for relief in our practice lifetime. More than ever, we area and fnd a succinct summary of information along with need every available health professional to possess the healthy the tools for further exploration. Numerous pioneering leaders As the nature of contemporary health care evolves and de- have developed physician health, not only as an area of practice, velops, so does the role of physician. In health” has become one of the cornerstone ideas to improving this book, Puddester, Flynn, and Cohen et al, answer this call. Medicine can be a very rewarding career but it ready resource for those thinking or teaching about physician is also a very demanding profession. The chapters are created to be accessible cine by creating resources and Train-the-trainer Workshops within the busy schedule many physicians maintain. This to support each of the seven identifed domains of physician handbook not only creates awareness to the wide-ranging fac- competence. As a presents many of the practical resources currently available to toolkit, this publication is an easy-to-access resource which all assist physicians and their own health needs. Using divided into chapters which present the specifc elements that real-world situations and scenarios, this guide will help physi- make up the larger themes. The chapters are presented in a cians discover practical and useful strategies for introducing two-page layout complete with specifc learning objectives, a and promoting physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. As Professionals, physicians are committed to the health Although the guide provides information for physicians and well-being of individuals and society through ethi- throughout their careers the information is presented to show cal practice, profession-led regulation, and high personal students and residents many of the everyday issues that can standards of behaviour. Along with presenting learn- ing moments, this publication provides practical advice for Key Competencies those in training to help manage their own health in the form Physicians are able to… of available resources, practical advice, and key references for 1. Demonstrate a commitment to physician health “bigger picture” for all the phases of a physician’s lifecycle and sustainable practice. The information and cases are based on sce- only describes what makes up physician health, but to have narios that practicing physicians will recognize. Similarly the an easy to access handbook for dealing with physician health resources identifed throughout the handbook make this guide issues directly. There is a quick reference index at the end of a powerful tool for maintaining one’s own health.

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