Minomycin

By C. Murat. Oberlin College. 2018.

C - 23 - Histology Systems General Principles of Foundational Science 30%–35% Biochemistry and molecular biology Biology of cells (excludes signal transduction) Apoptosis Cell cycle and cell cycle regulation Mechanisms of dysregulation Cell/tissue structure purchase minomycin 100mg fast delivery, regulation buy discount minomycin 50mg line, and function Biology of tissue response to disease Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes Immune System 1%–5% Blood & Lymphoreticular System 1%–5% Nervous System & Special Senses 5%–10% Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue 1%–5% Musculoskeletal System 1%–5% Cardiovascular System 1%–5% Respiratory System 1%–5% Gastrointestinal System 5%–10% Renal & Urinary System 5%–10% Pregnancy, Childbirth, & the Puerperium 1%–5% Female Reproductive System & Breast 1%–5% Male Reproductive System 1%–5% Endocrine System 5%–10% - 24 - 1. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in the endometrium after 1 year of treatment? Which of the following muscle cell components helps spread the depolarization of the muscle cell membranes throughout the interior of muscle cells? A new drug is developed that prevents the demyelinization occurring in the progress of multiple sclerosis. The drug protects the cells responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system. Tissue remodeling begins at this site with degradation of collagen in the extracellular matrix by which of the following proteins? A 22-year-old man is brought to the emergency department in respiratory distress 15 minutes after he was stung on the arm by a wasp. His pulse is 100/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Secretion of the molecule causing this patient’s symptoms is most likely mediated by which of the following? He is informed that he will require treatment with intramuscular vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) for the rest of his life. This therapy is necessary because this patient lacks which of the following types of cells? Beginning with protein synthesis in membrane-bound ribosomes, hepatocytes secrete proteins into the circulation via which of the following mechanisms? Which of the following is required to transport fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane? An experiment is conducted in which the mitochondrial content of various tissues is studied. It is found that the mitochondrial content is directly proportional to the amount of energy one cell is required to generate and expend. The mitochondrial content is most likely greatest in which of the following types of cells? A 45-year-old man without a history of bleeding or excessive bruising dies suddenly due to rupture of an aortic dissection. A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after two separate Pap smears have shown dysplastic epithelial cells. The viral E6 protein binds to the cellular p53 tumor suppressor gene, causing it to be degraded. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the E6 protein causes cervical cancer? Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the initiation of contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber? Conformational Release of Ca2+ from Change in Acetylcholine Depolarization Troponin-Tropomyosin Sarcoplasmic Propagation into Binding to of Sarcolemma Complex Reticulum Transverse Tubules Receptors (A) 1 2 3 4 5 (B) 2 5 4 3 1 (C) 3 5 2 4 1 (D) 4 2 5 3 1 (E) 5 3 4 1 2 14. A 90-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after she fell while climbing the steps into her house. Increased activity of which of the following cell types is the most likely cause of the decrease in bone mass in this patient? A 50-year-old man comes to the physician because of a cough productive of large quantities of mucus for 6 months. Which of the following cell types is the most likely cause of the increase in this patient’s secretion of mucus? A 65-year-old man with severe atherosclerotic coronary artery disease comes to the emergency department because of a 12-hour history of chest pain. During an experimental study, an investigator finds that the regulation of cell cycle and programmed cell death may be initiated by the mitochondrion. The interaction of the mitochondrion with the activation of the caspase family of proteases and subsequent apoptosis is most likely mediated by which of the following? He enrolls in a clinical study of a novel chemotherapeutic agent that, as a side effect, blocks kinesin, a component of the cellular microtubular transport system. An alteration in which of the following components of the neuromuscular junction is the most likely cause of the muscle weakness? A pathologist uses monoclonal antibodies against several intermediate filament proteins and finds that a tumor section stains positive for cytokeratin only. B - 30 - Microbiology Microbiology Module (125 items) Systems General Principles of Foundational Science 70%–75% Biology of tissue response to disease Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes Microbial identification and classification Bacterial biology Antibacterial agents Viral biology Antiviral agents Fungal biology Antifungal agents Parasitic biology Antiparasitic agents Prions Immune System 1%–5% Blood & Lymphoreticular System 1%–5% Nervous System & Special Senses 1%–5% Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue 1%–5% Musculoskeletal System 1%–5% Cardiovascular System 1%–5% Respiratory System 1%–5% Gastrointestinal System 1%–5% Renal & Urinary System 1%–5% Pregnancy, Childbirth, & the Puerperium 1%–5% Female Reproductive & Breast 1%–5% Male Reproductive 1%–5% Multisystem Processes & Disorders 1%–5% Immunology Module (25 items) Systems Immune System 75%–80% Development of cells of the adaptive immune response Structure, production, and function Cellular basis of the immune response and immunologic mediators Basis of immunologic diagnostics Disorders associated with immunodeficiency Immunologically mediated disorders Adverse effects of drugs on the immune system Blood & Lymphoreticular System 5%–10% Nervous System & Special Senses 1%–5% Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue 1%–5% Respiratory System 1%–5% Pregnancy, Childbirth, & the Puerperium 1%–5% - 31 - 1. A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressive facial swelling and pain during the past week. Physical examination shows ecchymoses over the left orbital and periorbital regions with proptosis.

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More recent studies have reported a significant effect of variations in ambient temperature within the usual range on energy requirements discount 100 mg minomycin amex. Lean and colleagues (1988) reported a 4 percent increase in the sleeping metabolic rate of women at an ambient tempera- ture of 22°C compared with 28°C generic minomycin 50 mg without prescription. Instead, the effect of ambient temperature appears to be confined to the period of time during which the ambient temperature is altered. Nevertheless, the energy expenditure response to cold temperatures may be enhanced with previous acclimatization by pro- longed exposure to a cool environment (Kashiwazaki et al. Since most of the recent data has been collected in women, further research in this area is needed. There was also no significant differ- ence in season-related values for physical activity in free-living adult Dutch women, but in contrast to the values reported above for soldiers, the values tended to be higher in summer than in winter (van Staveren et al. For this reason, no specific allowance is made for ambient temperature in the requirements for energy. Altitude Hypoxia increases glucose utilization whether measurements are made on isolated muscle tissue (Cartee et al. Adaptation and Accommodation There are two key differences between nutritional adaptation and accommodation (Waterlow, 1999). First, while adaptation implies mainte- nance of essentially unchanged functional capacity in spite of some alter- ation in steady-state conditions, accommodation allows maintenance of adequate functional capacity under altered steady-state conditions. Second, whereas accommodation involves relatively short-term adjustments, such as the responses needed to maintain homeostasis, adaptation involves changes in body composition that occur over a more extended period of time. Adaptation The term adaptation describes the normal physiological responses of humans to different environmental conditions. A good example of adapta- tion is the increase in hemoglobin concentration that occurs when indi- viduals live at high altitudes (Leon-Velarde et al. Changes in energy intake or in energy expenditure trigger metabolic and behavioral responses aimed at restoring energy balance in adults. These responses involve the endocrine system, the central nervous system, and the body energy stores. When effective, these regulatory mechanisms result in the maintenance of a stable body weight (Jequier and Tappy, 1999). Otherwise, individuals with higher efficiency would require less energy for equal energy expenditure than persons with lower efficiency. The experimental data supports the notion that differ- ences in efficiency of energy utilization among healthy individuals living under similar conditions fluctuate within a narrow range (James et al. Body weight can be remarkably stable in many healthy adults, demon- strating the human potential for maintaining energy balance and stable body composition in spite of conditions that have promoted the recent secular trends in increasing body weights. Maintenance of stable body weight and composition are affected by genetic factors, energy intake, and diet composition, as well as by other environmental factors (Hill and Peters, 1998). Environmental conditions favoring high energy consump- tion and low physical activity can overwhelm these mechanisms and lead to positive energy balance, resulting in body fat accumulation and weight gain until another state of weight maintenance becomes established. Thus, weight gain and obesity can be seen as a form of adaptation that brings about a new steady state (Astrup et al. A more practical defini- tion, applied to the study of energy requirements, would be the ability to compensate for changes in energy (energy intake, expenditure, or bal- ance) without any discernible detriment to health. Although the concept applies both to increases and decreases in energy intake or energy expenditure, a focus of controversy has been its application to the definition of energy needs in poor areas of the world. In studies that specifically attempted to assess whether some adaptive mecha- nism may permit those populations to subsist with lower than predicted energy intakes, no reduction in weight-adjusted basal metabolic rates could be detected (Soares et al. Reports on the ethnic and gender differences in energy efficiency have yielded conflicting results, but the overall contributions such differences can make toward the main- tenance of energy balance appears to be small (Soares et al. However, most overfeeding studies show that over- eating is accompanied by substantial weight gain, and likewise reduced energy intake induces weight loss (Saltzman and Roberts, 1995). Accommodation The term accommodation was proposed to characterize an adaptive response that allows survival but results in some more or less serious conse- quences on health or physiological function. By reducing growth rate, chil- dren are able to save energy and may subsist for prolonged periods of time on marginal energy intakes, though at the cost of eventually becoming stunted. This can result in reduced productivity of physical work or in decreased leisure physical activity, which in children is important for behavioral and mental development (Twisk, 2001). However, the measurements were obtained from men, women, and children whose ages, body weight, height, and physical activities varied over wide ranges, so they provide an appro- priate base to estimate energy expenditures and requirements at different life stages in relation to gender, body weight, height, age, and for different activity estimations. A few age groups are underrepresented in the data set and interpolations had to be performed in these cases. This data set, used to estimate the current energy recommendations, can be used to refine other existing communicated recommendations or guidelines developed by other orga- nizations and agencies. Subjects were required to be healthy, free-living, maintaining their body weight, and with measured heights and weights. Exclusion crite- ria included undernutrition, acute and chronic diseases, underfeeding and overfeeding protocols, and lifestyles involving uncommonly high levels of physical activity (e. There are 407 adults in the normative database (Appendix Table I-3), 169 men and 238 women. Among the men whose ethnicity was reported, there are 33 Caucasians, 7 African Americans, and 2 Asians, and among the women there are 94 Caucasians, 13 African Americans, 3 Asians, and 3 Hispanics.

Although probably purchase minomycin 100mg with amex, a certain number of such organs would be used for cosmetic purposes instead of life support discount minomycin 50 mg on-line. Getting information from the internet by wearing a Google Glass or digital contact lenses would be a huge addition to the process of practicing medicine. Operations have already been streamed live from the surgeon’s perspective; but it could also display the patient’s electronic medical records real-time; or organize live consultations with colleagues. Google Glass can be controlled through voice and hand gestures; while the contact lenses will be controlled with brain waves as there are developments in this area. The whole potential of leveraging the power of augmented reality is huge, although medical professionals should deal with patient privacy and put evidence behind using it in practice. Augmenting Human Capabilities Medical research is meant to discover and develop methods to replace non-functioning organs, capabilities or restore certain functions in the human body. But with the rapid advances of research, instead of only replacing functions, it would be possible to add to our current capabilities and create „super powers”. We could decide what to dream about, how to metabolize drugs, how to digest different types of food; to increase brain function or improve our strength through powered exoskeletons. Curated Online Information In the near future, whether it is the right and reliable medical information, dynamic resources or medical records online; everything will simply be available to everyone which would purely be the most important development in the history of medicine. As people have to deal with false or unreliable information and resources, curating these with medical professionals and expert patients is the key. Customized Mobile Apps The number of medical mobile applications has been rising for years, therefore patients and doctors find it harder and harder to choose the right app for their health management or work. Customized mobile apps such as the pApp that lets doctors create mobile apps for their patients could be the next step. The functions the app should have such as logging blood pressure or medications can be chosen from a menu; and the patient can download the app right away. Digestible Sensors It is possible to swallow digital devices and tiny sensors for gathering and storing data, transmitting body temperature, heart and respiration rate to an external device. In diseases related to our gastrointestinal system, it could give instant diagnosis by combining the results of lab markers and colonoscopy only by swallowing the device that includes a video camera as well. Digital Literacy in Medical Education The only way to prepare healthcare professionals for the digital technologies coming to medicine is to include digital literacy and the main trends of the future of medicine in the official medical curriculum. Medical students can access the materials in a gamification based e-learning platform, and answer questions about the topics covered in the lectures on a Facebook page for bonus points. A new course, Disruptive Technologies in Medicine, aims at introducing students to the technologies from genomics to telemedicine they will use by the time they start practicing medicine. Expensive laboratory equipment is not so much needed for performing biological experiments; elements of the experiments can be ordered on demand and the data or information required are much more accessible than before. The iGem events made it absolutely clear that the number of opportunities in using biotech for different purposes is almost infinite. The new generation of scientists represented by Jack Andraka leverages the power of already available resources and materials in order to come up with real innovations. Embedded Sensors As an addition to digestable and wearable sensors, tooth- embedded sensors can recognize jaw movements, coughing, speaking and even smoking. Evidence-based Mobile Health The number of medical mobile applications has been rising for years, although persuading users to keep on using the apps is a real challenge. The question is not whether such applications could be used in the process of practicing medicine or delivering healthcare, but which ones and to what extent can be useful, therefore evidence based background is needed for implementing mobile apps in the clinical settings. Full Physiological Simulation What if it is possible to examine the human body with all its physiological functions without experimenting with people? One of the most potential applications being developed in this area is the Virtual Physiological Human, a framework enabling collaborative investigation of the human body. Medical students would be able to study the human body in details like never before understanding the core concepts of how our body works and the pathology of diseases. Another example, HumMod consists of 5000 variables describing cardiovascular and metabolic physiology, among others. Gamification Based Wellness Gamification seems to be the key in persuading people to live a healthy lifestyle or stick to the therapy they have been prescribed to as 63% of American adults agree that making everyday activities more like a game would make them more fun and rewarding. Such wearable gadgets, online services, games or mobile health solutions can lead to better results if gamification with the right design is included. Improving our health or making our job more efficient can and therefore should be fun. Holographic Data Input While better data input solutions arise, hardware will probably not even be needed to add data as screens and keyboards will be projected on the wall or on the table making it simple and accessible everywhere in the clinical settings. Holographic keyboards will make us forget about smartphones and tablets, while the data will be stored only in the cloud. Plenty of laboratory methods and procedures will be available at home which could also mean the detection of diseases at an early stage making intervention simpler and more effective. Patients will bring the data to the doctor on any device they use therefore a new role of digital health data analyst will appear soon.

Damaged or degraded wetlands can result in poor water quality cheap 100 mg minomycin fast delivery, reduced water flows and vegetation growth generic 100mg minomycin amex, features which provide ideal habitat for some disease-carrying vectors and may act as stressors for hosts. However, some characteristics associated with naturally functioning wetlands, such as good water quality and flow, may also directly encourage vector and host populations. It is therefore important to assess both the potential risks and benefits of wetland modification in reducing the risk of disease in light of the specific habitat requirements of the pathogen, vector and host. For invertebrate disease vectors and hosts, for example, measures will often depend on the specific environmental requirements of the aquatic life stage of the species. Effective management of wetland habitats requires a thorough understanding of wetland ecosystem functions of the inter-connected hydrological, geomorphological, biochemical and ecological components, as changing one parameter can have implications for another. Important processes include flow regimes, water level changes and flood inundation, and their effects on vegetation and sediment and the requirements of wetland fauna. The effects of habitat changes on predator populations should always be considered when determining habitat modification measures. As long as undertaken in the context of the wetland management plan, the following alterations to wetland hydrology and vegetation (often through changes to topography) can be used to reduce the risk of disease spread in wetlands. Altering wetland hydrology Altering the extent of inundated and saturated areas Wetland systems can be modified to alter the extent of an inundated and saturated area and hence available habitat for disease agents, vectors and hosts. A reduction in the extent of an inundated and saturated area will lead to a decrease in the abundance of some vectors and hosts (e. However, this is accompanied by an inevitable loss of valuable wetland services and therefore any adverse impacts on wetland ecosystem function should be carefully examined before such actions are taken. Changes in habitat characteristics may benefit one host population, whilst disadvantaging another. For example, certain obligate freshwater snail hosts may decrease in number after the reduction of an inundated and saturated area, whilst some mosquito species favour smaller isolated pools, created after infilling or draining. Altering water flow patterns Altering the water flow may change the retention time of water within the wetland and affect several key characteristics such as water quality, retention of flood-flows and vegetation, in turn affecting the habitat’s suitability for hosts and vectors. Alteration of water depth, for example, may change the extent of emergent macrophyte beds, manipulation of which can be used to minimise certain vector and host species. Reduced water depth and flow rates may cause decreased turbidity, and increased water temperatures in warmer weather, but can decrease temperatures in colder weather, influencing the distribution of some aquatic vector and host species, such as snails. Measures to alter water flow include changing the dimensions, gradient and features of water channels. Altering water quality Water quality may affect disease agents, hosts and vectors, primarily through changes to vegetation and water flows [►sections above and below]. Activities that generate high inputs of organic matter and pollutants to a wetland, such as intensive farming and industry, can be reduced to improve water quality, and piped inflows from potentially polluted sources can be routed away from the wetland system. Altering wetland vegetation The type and biomass of vegetation can be modified to reduce suitability for vectors and pathogens and availability of contaminants either through direct action, such as planting, or through the secondary effects of altering other wetland features such as hydrology. Emergent vegetation is known to have a deleterious effect on important disease vectors such as the tsetse fly Glossina spp. Vegetation can also provide protection for the larvae of other vectors from predators, causing an increase in their populations and enhancing disease risks. Vegetation may be used to improve water quality and reduce sediment load through filtering organic outflows. Fire may be used to burn areas where certain disease agents occur, such as the burning of anthrax outbreak areas to destroy the bacterium and burning selected trees to reduce certain species of tick. This can be achieved through modifications to vegetation and hydrology [►sections above] and by using other mechanical methods such as removing the top layer of contaminated soil to reduce exposure of a disease agent or reducing the number of isolated, stagnant, shallow water areas to deter disease vectors such as mosquitoes from laying eggs. Replacing topsoil on an island used by high densities of birds in the winter helps to reduce environmental contamination and can be useful for small areas of land. Altering host distribution and density Habitat modification by the methods outlined above, may also be employed to disperse host animals away from known disease sites and encourage them to use areas of lower risk. For example, waterbirds can be redistributed to lower risk areas by lowering the water level of contaminated areas whilst creating or enhancing other habitats. Outbreak/contaminated areas may be fenced and other measures such as fire and scare devices may be used to deter animals from those areas and separate livestock from wildlife disease reservoirs and vice versa. The provision of more favourable habitat at a distance from an outbreak/contaminated area may encourage animals away from those areas and thus reduce risks of further disease spread. Habitats can be modified to prevent large host die-offs, whose carcases could become substrates for the growth of disease-causing agents. For example, raising water levels in warm, dry weather may prevent the death of bacteria-harbouring fish and aquatic invertebrates. Under these circumstances compensatory habitat restoration should, wherever possible, be undertaken.

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